What Does Manganese Do for the Body?

It is crucial to understand the role of essential minerals in the human body. One such mineral that plays an important role in maintaining overall health is manganese. Let’s try to delve deeper into the subject and provide a complete answer to the question “What does manganese do for the body?

I. What is manganese?

Manganese is a chemical element with the symbol Mn and atomic number 25. It is a hard, gray-white metal that resembles iron but is much more brittle.

It is one of the essential nutrients that play a vital role in many body processes, including metabolism, bone development, and wound healing.

And it is also a crucial component of many enzymes involved in energy production, neurotransmitter synthesis, and antioxidant defense.

Manganese is found in many foods, including whole grains, nuts, leafy vegetables and some types of seafood.

The recommended daily intake of manganese for adults is between 1.8 and 2.3 mg, depending on gender and age.

Although manganese deficiency is rare, it can lead to a variety of health problems, including poor bone health, impaired glucose metabolism, and neurological symptoms such as tremors and seizures.

II. what does manganese do for the body?

Manganese is an essential trace element that plays a crucial role in many body functions.

It is very necessary for the proper functioning of various enzymes responsible for the metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids, and cholesterol.

In addition, manganese is essential for bone development and wound healing, and is also involved in the production of sex hormones.

We will try to answer all the recurring questions about what manganese does for the human body.

# How does manganese support bone health?

Manganese is an essential mineral that plays a vital role in the growth and maintenance of healthy bones. It works in conjunction with other minerals, such as calcium, vitamin D, and phosphorus, to support bone strength and density.

It is essential in the formation of bone tissue, as well as in the maintenance and repair of bones.

One of the main ways manganese supports bone health is by promoting the production of osteoblasts, the cells responsible for the formation of new bone tissue.

It stimulates the production of these cells, which helps to increase bone mass and improve bone density.

In addition to promoting the production of osteoblasts, manganese also helps prevent the breakdown of bone tissue. This is achieved through its role in regulating the activity of osteoclasts, cells that break down and reabsorb bone tissue. It helps inhibit osteoclast activity, which prevents excessive bone loss and helps maintain bone strength and density.

Manganese also plays a crucial role in the production of collagen, which is an essential component of connective tissue that supports bone health.

# Can manganese help prevent or treat osteoporosis?

Osteoporosis is a condition in which bones become weak and brittle, greatly increasing the risk of fractures and a longer recovery period.

Indeed, there is some evidence to suggest that manganese supplementation can help prevent or treat osteoporosis, but more research is needed to fully understand its effects on this bone disease.

Indeed, a systematic review and meta-analysis published in the Journal of Bone and Mineral Research found no significant association between dietary manganese intake and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women.

# Can manganese help with arthritis?

Arthritis is a condition that causes inflammation of the joints, resulting in pain, stiffness and swelling.

It affects millions of people worldwide, and while there is no cure for arthritis, many treatments are available to help manage the symptoms.

Some studies have suggested that manganese may help reduce inflammation and pain in the joints, especially in people with osteoarthritis.

But other studies have found no significant benefit to taking manganese supplements for arthritis.

While there is some evidence to suggest that manganese may be beneficial for arthritis, it is not a cure and is not a substitute for other arthritis treatments.

The most effective way to manage arthritis is through a combination of medication, exercise, and lifestyle changes, such as maintaining a healthy weight and eating a balanced diet.

# How does manganese affect brain health?

Manganese is an essential nutrient for brain function and has been shown to play a role in nervous system development.

In fact, there is evidence to suggest that manganese can have very positive effects on brain health when consumed in moderation.

It is important to note that while it can have positive effects on brain health, too much manganese can be very harmful.

Exposure to high levels of this mineral can cause a neurological disease called manganism, which is similar to Parkinson’s disease.

Symptoms of Manganism include tremors, difficulty walking, and impaired cognitive function.

A study published in the journal Environmental Health Perspectives found that children exposed to higher levels of manganese in drinking water had lower IQ scores than children with lower exposure.

# What are the benefits of manganese for skin health?

Manganese is an important cofactor of the enzymes involved in the synthesis of collagen and elastin, two proteins that are essential to skin health.

Indeed, collagen structures the skin, while elastin gives the skin its elasticity. And this mineral also acts as an antioxidant, protecting the skin from damage caused by free radicals, which contribute significantly to premature aging.

In addition, manganese helps in the production of connective tissue, which is essential in wound healing.

Studies have shown that manganese supplementation can accelerate wound healing and reduce the risk of infection.

A study published in the journal Biological Trace Element Research found that people with psoriasis had lower levels of manganese in their blood than healthy controls. The researchers suggested that manganese supplementation could potentially improve psoriasis symptoms.

Manganese may also have anti-inflammatory effects, which could be beneficial for inflammatory skin conditions such as acne and rosacea. A study published in the Journal of Investigative Dermatology found that manganese supplementation reduced inflammation in mice with contact dermatitis.

# How does manganese affect heart health?

A study published in the American Journal of Epidemiology found that high manganese intake was associated with a lower risk of coronary heart disease in women.

Another study published in the Journal of Nutrition found that manganese supplementation improved blood lipid profiles in postmenopausal women with low manganese levels.

Specifically, manganese supplementation was associated with lower levels of LDL cholesterol and triglycerides, both of which are risk factors for heart disease.

And while there may be some heart health benefits to supplementing with this mineral, more research is needed to fully understand the issue.

# How does manganese affect thyroid function?

Despite the fact that manganese is an important nutrient for overall health, excessive intake can negatively impact thyroid function by interfering with iodine absorption, causing iron deficiency anemia and damaging thyroid cells.

Studies have shown that high levels of manganese can impair thyroid function. It is responsible for the production and release of hormones that regulate metabolism, growth, and development.

Manganese can also compete with other minerals, such as iron, for absorption into the body. This can lead to iron deficiency anemia, which can further worsen thyroid function.

In addition, excessive manganese consumption can cause oxidative stress and damage thyroid cells, leading to inflammation and impaired function.

# Can manganese help with weight loss?

Manganese may have potential benefits for weight loss, but it is not a magic bullet for shedding those extra pounds.

In fact, weight loss requires a combination of healthy eating, regular exercise, and lifestyle habits.

Some studies have shown that manganese can potentially have a beneficial effect on metabolism, which can lead to weight loss. This is because it is involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, all of which are important for energy production and weight management.

In addition, manganese has been shown to play a role in regulating blood sugar levels, which can also have an impact on weight loss. When blood sugar levels are stable, it can prevent overeating and cravings, which can contribute to weight gain.

# What is the link between manganese and diabetes?

Type 2 diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by high blood sugar levels due to insulin resistance or impaired insulin secretion.

Research has shown that low levels of manganese in the body can increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. A study conducted by the University of California at Davis found that people with low levels of manganese in the blood were at a higher risk of developing diabetes than those with higher levels.

This is because manganese plays a key role in the regulation of glucose metabolism by activating enzymes involved in carbohydrate breakdown and insulin production. From this, they deduced that manganese deficiency can lead to impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance, two risk factors for type 2 diabetes.

In addition, a study conducted by the Harvard School of Public Health found that high levels of manganese in drinking water were associated with a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes.

The researchers suggest that manganese may have a protective effect on the development of diabetes by improving insulin sensitivity.

In conclusion, there is growing evidence to suggest a link between manganese and the development of type 2 diabetes. In this regard, maintaining adequate levels of manganese in the body through a balanced diet or supplements may help reduce the risk of developing diabetes.

# Can manganese help with anxiety or depression?

Some studies have shown that manganese is involved in the production of neurotransmitters, such as serotonin, which are important in regulating human mood and behavior.

Low levels of manganese have been associated with decreased levels of serotonin, which is associated with anxiety and depression.

In addition, manganese has antioxidant properties, which can protect the brain from oxidative stress and inflammation, both of which can contribute to the development of anxiety and depression.

A study published in the journal Biological Psychiatry found that people with lower levels of manganese in the blood had more symptoms of anxiety and depression.

Another study published in the Journal of Affective Disorders found that taking a daily manganese supplement for six weeks improved symptoms of anxiety and depression in women with premenstrual syndrome.

In addition to manganese, there are various home remedies and lifestyle changes that can help manage symptoms of anxiety and depression.

These include regular exercise, relaxation techniques such as yoga and meditation, maintaining a healthy diet, getting enough sleep, and seeking support from friends, family, or a mental health professional.

# What are some benefits of manganese for hair health?

Manganese is an essential mineral for many body functions, including healthy hair growth.

It helps activate enzymes that assist in the metabolism of amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins.

Since hair is made up of a protein called keratin, manganese is essential for maintaining strong, healthy hair.

Here are some of the benefits of manganese for hair health:

Promotes hair growth: Manganese plays a crucial role in the production of collagen, a protein that helps strengthen hair follicles and promote healthy hair growth. It also helps increase blood flow to the scalp, providing essential nutrients to hair follicles.
Prevents hair loss: a lack of manganese can lead to hair loss because it is essential for the formation of connective tissue that holds hair follicles in place. It helps strengthen hair follicles, thus reducing the risk of hair loss.
Improves hair texture: Manganese helps produce sebum, an oily substance that moisturizes the scalp and hair, keeping it healthy and shiny. It also helps maintain natural hair color by preventing oxidative damage.
Fights dandruff: Manganese has anti-inflammatory properties that help reduce inflammation of the scalp, which is often the cause of dandruff. It also helps control sebum production, preventing the build-up of dead skin cells that can lead to dandruff.

# How does manganese affect the liver?

The liver is a vital organ that plays a crucial role in detoxification and metabolism. On the other hand, manganese is an essential mineral needed for the proper functioning of enzymes involved in many metabolic processes, including those of the liver.

Here are some of the ways manganese affects the liver:

Helps detoxification: Manganese is needed for the proper functioning of the enzyme manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), which helps neutralize free radicals and reduce oxidative stress.
Supports liver function: Manganese helps activate enzymes involved in carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism, which are essential for maintaining liver health. Studies have also shown that manganese may help protect against liver damage caused by toxins such as alcohol.
Regulates glucose metabolism: Manganese plays a role in glucose metabolism, which is important for maintaining healthy blood sugar levels.
Improves liver enzyme levels: Studies have shown that manganese supplementation can improve liver enzyme levels in people with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a condition characterized by the accumulation of fat in the liver. High liver enzymes are a sign of liver damage, so reducing them may improve liver function.

# Can manganese help with ADHD?

There is little research on the effects of manganese on ADHD symptoms, and it may potentially have benefits for hyperactivity and attention.

Nonetheless, we must be careful about excessive manganese consumption, which could be toxic.

Here’s what we know so far:

Manganese deficiency and ADHD: Studies have shown that children with ADHD may have lower levels of manganese in their blood than those without ADHD. However, it is not clear whether manganese deficiency is a cause or a consequence of ADHD.
Manganese supplementation and ADHD: There is little research on the effects of manganese supplementation on ADHD symptoms. One study found that children with ADHD who took a daily supplement containing manganese and other minerals for 12 weeks showed improvements in hyperactivity and attention compared to those who took a placebo. However, this was a small study and more research is needed to confirm these results.
Manganese and Brain Function: Manganese plays a role in brain function and development, and studies have shown that manganese deficiency can lead to cognitive and behavioral problems in animals. However, the effects of manganese supplementation on brain function in humans, particularly those with ADHD, are not well understood.

# What are some potential benefits of manganese for fertility?

It is important to note that the effects of manganese on fertility are not well studied, and here is what is known to date:

Reproductive function: Manganese plays a role in reproductive function and has been shown to be involved in the production of sex hormones such as testosterone and estrogen. Studies have also shown that manganese deficiency can lead to impaired reproductive function in animals.
Ovulation: Manganese has been shown to be involved in the ovulation process, which is crucial to female fertility. A study on rats found that manganese supplementation improved ovulation compared to those who did not receive it.
Sperm production: Manganese may also have potential benefits for male fertility by improving sperm production. A study on mice found that manganese supplementation increased sperm count and motility compared to those who did not receive manganese.
Antioxidant defense: Manganese is involved in antioxidant defense, which can help protect reproductive cells from damage. Oxidative stress has been linked to infertility and studies have shown that antioxidants such as manganese may help improve reproductive function.

# How does manganese affect blood pressure?

Manganese has been found to play a role in regulating blood pressure by influencing the production of nitric oxide, a molecule that helps dilate blood vessels and improve blood flow.

Studies have even shown that supplementation with this mineral can help lower blood pressure in people with high blood pressure.

It is also involved in antioxidant defense, which can help protect blood vessels from free radical damage.

Indeed, oxidative stress has been linked to high blood pressure, and studies have shown that antioxidants such as manganese can help improve blood pressure levels.

Finally, we can mention its influence on chronic inflammation, which is a risk factor for high blood pressure. as it has been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties that can help reduce inflammation and improve blood pressure levels.

# Can manganese help with inflammation?

One way manganese helps fight inflammation is by acting as an antioxidant.

Oxidative stress, which occurs when there is an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants in the body, can lead to chronic inflammation. Thus, manganese helps fight oxidative stress by neutralizing free radicals and protecting cells from damage.

It also plays a role in the production of enzymes involved in the regulation of inflammation.

One of these enzymes is called superoxide dismutase, which helps convert superoxide radicals into less harmful substances.

Another enzyme, called glutamine synthetase, is involved in producing glutamine, an amino acid with anti-inflammatory properties.

A study published in the Journal of Nutrition found that people with osteoarthritis who took a daily manganese supplement had reduced joint pain and inflammation compared to those who did not take the supplement.

It may also be beneficial for people with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). A study published in the World Journal of Gastroenterology found that manganese supplementation reduced inflammation and oxidative stress in mice with IBD.

# Can manganese help with eczema?

Manganese is a component of the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD), which helps protect the body from oxidative stress caused by free radicals.

Studies have suggested that oxidative stress plays a role in the development of eczema and that increasing SOD activity may help reduce the severity of the disease.

Manganese is also involved in the production of collagen, a protein that is essential for skin health and healing.

Research has shown that people with eczema have lower levels of manganese in their blood than those without. This suggests that manganese may be a potentially useful supplement for people with eczema.

# Can manganese help with insomnia?

Insomnia is a common sleep disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. It is characterized by difficulty falling or staying asleep, waking up too early, or not getting a good night’s sleep.

There are many possible causes of insomnia, including stress, anxiety, depression, medications, caffeine and certain medical conditions.

Some evidence suggests that manganese may play a role in regulating sleep. A study published in the Journal of Pineal Research found that manganese-deficient rats had disrupted sleep patterns and decreased levels of melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles.

Another study published in the journal Nutritional Neuroscience found that manganese supplementation improved sleep quality in elderly people with insomnia.

# Can manganese help with tinnitus?

Tinnitus is a medical condition characterized by the perception of ringing, buzzing or similar sounds in the ears without any external source.

It can be temporary or chronic and affects millions of people worldwide, often resulting in anxiety, depression, and sleep disturbance.

There is some evidence to suggest that manganese supplementation can improve tinnitus symptoms in some cases. For example, a study published in the Journal of Audiology and Otology in 2015 found that tinnitus patients who received manganese supplementation had significant improvement in symptoms compared to those who received a placebo.

# Can manganese help with migraines?

Migraines are a type of headache that can cause severe pain, throbbing, and sensitivity to light and sound. They can last from a few hours to several days and can significantly affect a person’s quality of life.

A study published in the Journal of Headache and Pain in 2015 found that patients with chronic migraines had lower levels of manganese in their blood compared to healthy controls.

However, it is unclear whether manganese supplementation would be effective in reducing the frequency or severity of migraines.

# How does manganese affect the absorption of other minerals?

some studies suggest that manganese supplementation may not be necessary for most individuals, especially if they eat a varied, nutrient-rich diet.

Unfortunately, sometimes it can affect the absorption of other minerals in the body.

Manganese can interfere with the absorption of iron in the intestine, especially when taken in large doses or over a prolonged period of time. This interference can lead to iron deficiency anemia, a condition characterized by low red blood cell levels, fatigue, and weakness.

Similarly, manganese can also interfere with the absorption of calcium, another mineral essential for bone health. This interference can weaken bones and increase the risk of fractures, especially in the elderly.

In addition, manganese can compete with zinc for absorption in the gut, which can lead to a deficiency of this important mineral. Zinc plays a crucial role in the immune system, wound healing, and vision, among other body functions.

# Can manganese help with constipation?

Constipation is a common gastrointestinal problem that can cause discomfort and pain. It is usually characterized by infrequent bowel movements, difficulty passing stool, and hard or dry stools. While there are several causes of constipation, including lack of fiber in the diet, dehydration, and certain medications, some research suggests that manganese may help relieve symptoms.

One study found that a supplement containing both magnesium and manganese was effective in improving bowel regularity and relieving constipation in the elderly. Another study found that a combination of magnesium, manganese, and vitamin B6 improved constipation symptoms in people with Parkinson’s disease.

In addition, manganese-rich foods, such as nuts, legumes, and whole grains, may also help relieve constipation symptoms by providing additional fiber and nutrients that promote bowel regularity.

# What is the role of manganese in the production of collagen?

Collagen is the most abundant protein in the body and is a crucial component of skin, bone, and connective tissue. It provides structural support, elasticity, and strength to these tissues. Manganese is a trace element that plays an essential role in collagen production.

On the other hand, manganese is involved in the enzymatic reactions that synthesize collagen. It is necessary for the activity of prolyl hydroxylase, an enzyme essential for the hydroxylation of proline residues in collagen.

This hydroxylation is essential for the stability and proper folding of collagen molecules, which is necessary for their function.

A manganese deficiency can probably lead to a decrease in collagen production, which can lead to several other health problems.

For example, low manganese intake has been associated with poor wound healing, brittle bones, and skin problems.

# How does manganese affect the absorption of vitamins?

Manganese, as we have seen throughout this article, is an essential mineral for many bodily functions, but it can also negatively affect the absorption of certain vitamins and minerals, especially when consumed at high levels.

In terms of vitamin absorption, manganese can have a negative impact on the absorption of several important vitamins, including vitamin E, vitamin K, and vitamin B1 (thiamine). Studies have shown that high levels of manganese can interfere with the absorption of these vitamins, leading to deficiencies that can result in a variety of significant health problems.

One study, published in the Journal of Nutrition, found that high levels of manganese intake in rats resulted in decreased levels of vitamin E in their tissues.

Another study, published in the Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, found that manganese supplementation reduced thiamine absorption in healthy adults.

# Does manganese help with regulating blood pressure?

Some studies have shown that manganese supplementation can lower blood pressure in people with hypertension, while others have found no significant effect.

One study, published in the Journal of Human Hypertension, found that supplementation with 18 mg of manganese per day for 12 weeks resulted in a significant reduction in systolic and diastolic blood pressure in people with hypertension.

On the other hand, another study, published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, found no significant effect of manganese supplementation on blood pressure in healthy young adults.

# Does manganese help with decreasing cholesterol?

Cholesterol is a waxy substance that is produced by the liver and is essential for the body to function properly. However, too much cholesterol can cause plaque to build up in the arteries, which can increase the risk of heart disease and stroke.

One study, published in the Journal of the American College of Nutrition, found that manganese supplementation reduced LDL (“bad”) cholesterol levels in women with osteoporosis.

However, another study published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition found no significant effect of manganese supplementation on cholesterol levels in healthy young adults.

# Does manganese help with improving concentration?

Concentration refers to the ability to focus attention on a specific task or goal. While manganese is an essential mineral that can support cognitive function, there is little evidence to suggest that it can directly improve concentration.

On the other hand, studies have shown that manganese deficiency can induce cognitive impairment, and there is little evidence to suggest that it can directly improve concentration.

# Can manganese help with PMS symptoms?

PMS refers to a range of physical and emotional symptoms that many women experience in the days or weeks leading up to their period.

While there is no cure for PMS, there are several treatment options for managing the symptoms, and natural remedies such as exercise, dietary changes, supplements, and stress reduction techniques can also be helpful.

And while manganese is an essential mineral that plays many important roles in the body, there is little evidence to suggest that it can specifically help PMS symptoms.

III. What are some common symptoms of manganese deficiency?

Manganese deficiency is a condition that can occur when a person does not consume enough of this mineral in their diet or has a physiological problem that prevents them from absorbing it from food.

To this end, a manganese deficiency can cause several symptoms, including:

Weakness and fatigue: Manganese is involved in energy production in the body, so a deficiency can induce feelings of weakness and fatigue.
Impaired growth and development: Manganese is essential for bone development, and a deficiency can lead to impaired growth and development in children.
Skeletal abnormalities: Manganese deficiency can cause skeletal abnormalities, such as joint pain and stiffness.
Neurological symptoms: Manganese is important for brain function, and a deficiency can lead to neurological symptoms such as tremors, seizures, and cognitive problems.
Skin problems: Manganese deficiency can cause skin problems such as rashes and skin color changes.

IV. What foods are high in manganese?

There are several foods that are high in manganese. Here are some of the top sources:

Whole grains: Whole grains, such as brown rice, quinoa, and oats, are excellent sources of manganese. These foods are also high in fiber, which can help to regulate digestion and maintain healthy cholesterol levels.
Nuts and seeds: Nuts and seeds, such as almonds, pumpkin seeds, and sunflower seeds, are also good sources of manganese. They are also high in healthy fats, protein, and fiber, making them a great addition to any diet.
Legumes: Legumes, such as lentils, chickpeas, and black beans, are rich in manganese. They are also an excellent source of plant-based protein and fiber, making them a great choice for vegetarians and vegans.
Leafy greens: Leafy greens, such as spinach and kale, are also high in manganese. They are also rich in vitamins A, C, and K, as well as other important nutrients like iron and calcium.
Pineapple: Pineapple is one of the few fruits that are high in manganese. It is also a good source of vitamin C, which can help to boost the immune system and promote healthy skin.

V. Which is better magnesium or manganese?

Magnesium and manganese are both essential minerals that play an important role in many body functions.

However, they have different functions and benefits.

Magnesium is involved in more than 300 enzymatic reactions in the body and is essential for maintaining normal nerve and muscle function, regulating heart rate, and supporting a healthy immune system. It also plays a role in bone health and energy metabolism. Magnesium can be found in many foods, including leafy greens, nuts, seeds, and whole grains.

Manganese is necessary for the formation of connective tissue, blood clotting, and the production of sex hormones. It also supports bone health and is involved in glucose metabolism. Manganese can be found in whole grains, nuts, seeds, legumes, leafy vegetables, and some fruits.

VI. What is the recommended daily intake of manganese for adults?

The recommended daily intake of manganese for adults varies depending on age and gender. According to the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for manganese is as follows:

Men: 2.3 mg/day
Women: 1.8 mg/day
Pregnant women: 2 mg/day
Breastfeeding women: 2.6 mg/day
Infants (0-6 months): 0.003 mg/day
Infants (7-12 months): 0.6 mg/day
Children (1-3 years): 1.2 mg/day
Children (4-8 years): 1.5 mg/day
Boys (9-13 years): 1.9 mg/day
Girls (9-13 years): 1.6 mg/day
Boys (14-18 years): 2.2 mg/day
Girls (14-18 years): 1.6 mg/day

It is important to note that infants who are exclusively breastfed do not require additional manganese, as breast milk provides an adequate amount.

VII. What are some potential risks of too much manganese?

The main potential risks of too much manganese include neurological symptoms, such as tremors, difficulty walking, and changes in mood. This is because high levels of manganese can accumulate in the brain, leading to damage to the nervous system. Other potential risks of too much manganese include:

Respiratory problems: Exposure to high levels of manganese in the workplace, such as in mining or welding, can lead to respiratory problems, such as bronchitis and pneumonia.
Digestive issues: Consuming too much manganese can lead to digestive issues, such as diarrhea and abdominal pain.
Skin problems: High levels of manganese can lead to skin irritation and rashes.
Hormonal imbalances: Excessive manganese consumption has been linked to hormonal imbalances, which can affect reproductive and thyroid function.
Liver damage: Too much manganese can also damage the liver, which can lead to liver disease and other health problems.

It is important to note that the risks of manganese toxicity are rare in healthy individuals who consume manganese through their diet.

Useful Links:

https://thejournalofheadacheandpain.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s10194-015-0516-6

https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/minerals/manganese

https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/supplement/manganese

https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Manganese-HealthProfessional/

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0946672X16304047